About Ecalene

The most promising energy sources for transportation fuel include compressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen, electricity and biofuel. Of these fuels, only bio fuels are capable of utilizing the existing petroleum fuel distribution network for their prompt dispersal. CNG, electricity, and hydrogen are incapable of using the existing petroleum distribution network and would require new pumps, tanks, transport vehicles and distribution entities. Oil companies however can transport, store and distribute PEFI fuels with relatively few changes to their current distribution network. As PEFI’s Ecalene™ is also an EPA-registered fuel additive, it can be blended into gasoline and diesel fuels requiring no distribution modifications whatsoever. The wide dispersion of Ecalene™ plants will eliminate the need for long-distance pipeline transportation.

PEFI fuels produce up to 85% lower emissions than gasoline or diesel fuel.

When used as a stand-alone fuel, Ecalene™ can reduce emissions approximately 85% versus regular unleaded gasoline. Bio diesel produced from PEFI’s algal carbon capture process creates emissions of approximately 80-90% less than standard diesel fuel.

PEFI fuels works in all petroleum fueled vehicles with minor or no modifications.

Bio diesel from PEFI’s algae process can be used to operate any diesel powered vehicle without vehicle modification of any kind. PEFI’s Ecalene™ can be used as a fuel additive requiring no vehicle modifications. Ecalene™ may be used as a stand-alone fuel in flex-fuel vehicles without any vehicle modification. Standard gasoline cars may use Ecalene™ as a stand alone fuel or mixed any blend of gasoline with the use of a modestly priced alcohol fuel conversion kit for approximately $300.

PEFFI fuels are EPA-Registered as a fuel additive for both gasoline and diesel fuel.

Ecalene™ is an oxygenate and octane-boosting fuel additive. Even in small quantities, Ecalene™ significantly improves the performance of petroleum fuel both in terms of reduced emissions greater power in high-performance engines. Its designation as a recognized fuel additive means that the fuel can be easily distributed in today’s fuels and will have instant market viability.

PEFI’s high-octane fuels accommodate energy efficient high performance engine designs.

Where possible, automakers like to deliver high-performance cars to the public. Ford is currently reviving its Shelby Mustang to restore luster to Ford’s product lines. High compression engines that deliver performance that consumers crave require high-octane fuels like Ecalene™ (124+ octane rating) to accommodate these higher compression ratios. High compression engines designed to run on Ecalene™ can be expected to achieve an additional 25-35% increase in HP (see Koenigg Article). US automakers already have a competitive advantage producing alcohol fueled cars and can further increase their advantage by taking advantage of the performance properties of Ecalene™

MANUFACTURING PROCESS ADVANTAGES

PEFI’s integrated process is a net consumer of CO2 reducing local CO2 levels.

When using biomass, PEFI’s base fuel processes are carbon neutral. When fossil fuels are used (including coal), PEFFI sequesters carbon emissions using proprietary algae technology. The integrated process is either carbon neutral or a negative carbon emissions process. The algae technology may also be used conjointly at a power plant harnessing CO2 generated from power production. The waste CO2 supply will feed algae required for bio fuel. The unspent algae cellulosic biomass will be converted to Ecalene™. This configuration provides the greatest CO2 reduction.

The PEFI process converts organic waste streams into renewable energy.

Besides creating environmentally friendly fuels, the PEFI system eliminates a wide variety of waste streams from the environment. Ecalene™ can be produced from municipal solid waste, sludge, waste wood, waste coal, construction debris, agricultural waste, rubber tires, stranded natural gas and various environmental hazards. Landfills can even provide suitable feedstock for Ecalene™ production. When excavated, these landfill sites can be used for commercial uses while protecting the ground water supply from landfill toxins. CO2 streams for power production and other industrial sources can be virtually eliminated by PEFI sequestration and fuel production processes.

The PEFI process uses a large number of widely available feed stocks.

Every geographic region of the US produces (or can produce) an abundance of feedstock suited to the production of PEFI fuels. Approximately half of all states produce oil and half produce coal. All states and municipalities produce MSW, sludge, wood waste, agricultural waste, construction debris and industrial CO2. All states are capable of supporting PEFI’s algae technology because of its adaptability to cold climates. There is no region of the country that cannot produce enough feedstock for PEFI technology to supply a significant portion of its total transportation fuel requirement. Local feedstock and markets mean greatly reduced transportation costs and logistics. Finished fuels need be transported no further than the local petroleum bulk distribution fuel centers.

Provides value-added to domestic fossil fuel sources (coal, shale etc.)

Coal reserves are significantly greater than oil reserves but remained underdeveloped because of its limited market value. Coal’s primary use is as feedstock for power generation consuming approximately 90% of all mined coal in the US. Higher grade (and commensurately more expensive) is used in the production of coke and other industrial uses. High sulfur low-btu coal (approximately $14/ton) is well-suited to the Ecalene™ production process. Margins on alcohol fuel and increased demand created by replacing petroleum fuels justifies expanded mining operations and provides sufficient economic profit to restore mined areas to a natural state. Shale and shale oil similarly can justify expanded production operations based on the fuels market.

CO2 sequestration technology can reduce emissions in power plants and produce clean fuel.

Approximately half of the nation’s power is produced by coal-fired power plants. These plants are the leading producers of CO2 behind auto emissions. As a CO2 sequestration technology, Algae can eliminate these CO2 emissions by using the gas to feed algae subsequently converted to bio diesel and Ecalene™. The sale of finished fuel products will generate economic products and offset the cost of the carbon capturing equipment over time. Viewed another way, power producers need not incur an ongoing expense for capturing the CO2 and nitrogen and their investment in fixed equipment will be repaid ultimately making equipment installation profitable.

OTHER APPLICATION ADVANTAGES

Technology is mature and available now.

Many technologies may eventually become an integral part of the US transportation energy plan. Fuel cells, electric cars and natural gas powered vehicles will one-day assume positions in the mix. However, these systems all require significant technology development and massive (thereby expensive) changes in our transportation fuel distribution system. The technologies also require significant redesign of all vehicles. PEFI fuels can operate today with existing vehicles in the existing infrastructure. Other technologies will take at least a decade or more to implement.

Plant size and feedstock availability permit plant locations everywhere.

Bio fuels may be produced everywhere as there is abundant feedstock everywhere. With PEFI’s algae technology, renewable feedstock can be produced in every state virtually anywhere. This is a large advantage compared with other sources of renewable energy. Wind production, solar energy, geothermal and hydro energy are all severely limited by geography. Marny areas of the country are suited to none of these while other areas can produce energy in great abundance. This uneven distribution will leave some parts of the country out of the energy boon and create stress on the electrical infrastructure transporting the power to where it is needed.

Create long-term jobs non-exportable jobs

Bio fuel operations will create far more long-term jobs than many of the other alternative energy scenarios. Once the infrastructure for solar power, hydro-power, geothermal power and wind power are established, the jobs required to maintain these operations are minimal. Bio fuels will require continual production of feedstock providing long-term employment to many industries most notably transportation, environmental clean-up, mining, agriculture, waste management, power production and others.

Major reduction of trade deficit.

Directly replacing imported oil is the simplest and fastest way to erase the US trade deficit. Oil imports are responsible for a larger portion of our deficit trade than any other factor. Producing electricity domestically does little to offset this deficit. Power in the US is generated by US produced resources including nuclear energy, coal, domestic natural gas, hydro-power etc. The only minor deficit benefit will be replacing the energy used to fire a small number of petroleum fired facilities. PEFI products and other bio fuels can replace all imported petroleum products within 5 years with a national coordinated effort.

Largest impact on global warming

Replacing all fossil fuel fired power plant in the US will eliminate America’s second greatest source of green house gas emissions, however, it does nothing for what is by far the nation’s largest source of GHG emissions, transportation fuels. Without an immediate dramatic reduction of ghg from transportation emissions, the country cannot reach critical goals in the fight against gloal warming. PEFI technology fuels cannot only eliminate 80-90% of the emissions caused by automobiles, its sequestration process can eliminate the CO2 and nitrogen emissions of all of the nation’s fossil fuel fired power plants as well. In addition, PEFI technology will enable municipalities throughout the country to eliminate all trash incineration and land filling of carbon based waste. In other words, widespread use of PEFI technologies could dramatically reduce all major sources of man-made CO2 emissions---not just those from power plants.